QUESTION 01 Define POWER? What are its types?
Answer: According to Max Weber( 1864-1920) power is " The chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in communal action even against the resistance of others".In words, it is the ability of a man or a number of men to get their work done despite the opposition from others.
For Example: Power is exercised by President, Prime Minister,Governor, Chief Minister and others .
2.COERCIVE POWER: When power is exercised by force ( without law or authority) .It is called coercive power.For Example; Power is exercised by Terrorists, Docoits etc
QUESTION NO 02 Define Power sharing ?
ANSWER : In simple words ' Power Sharing' means distribution of power or division of power between various organs or subsidiaries.
QUESTION NO 03: State one Prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context?
Answer: Prudential reason stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes ,while as moral reason stresses the very act of power sharing as valuable
1.PRUDENTIAL REASON:Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict by between social groups.Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.Imposing the will of majority community of over others may look like an attractive option in the short run ,but in the long run it under_mines the unity of the nation
2.MORAL REASON:Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy .A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise,and who have to live with its affects.People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.A legitimate government is one where citizens ,through participation, acquire a stake in the system
QUESTION ON 04 Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power Sharing .Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the coded given below ?Power Sharing
ANSWER: 1.Statement in favour of Power Sharing.
(i) Reduces conflict among the different communities.
(ii) Decreased the possibility of orbitrariness.
(iii) Accommodates diversities promotes people's participation.
(IV) Promotes people's participation in government.
2. Statement against o Power Sharing
(i) Delays decision making process.
(ii) Increase instability and divisiveness.
(iii)Undermines the unity of a country.
FEDERALISM LESSON NO 02
QUESTION NO 1 WHAT IS FEDERALISM?
ANSWER: Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.Usually ,a federalism has two levels of government .One is the government for the entire county that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.The others are government at the levels of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.Both these levels of government enjoy their power independent of the other
QUESTION NO 02 What is the difference between a federal Government and Unitary Government?
ANSWER: Under the unitary system either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.The central can pass on orders to the provincial or the local government.But in a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something .State government has powers of its own for which it not answerable to the central government.
Both these government are separately answerable to the people.
Answer: According to Max Weber( 1864-1920) power is " The chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in communal action even against the resistance of others".In words, it is the ability of a man or a number of men to get their work done despite the opposition from others.
TYPES OF POWER: Two Types of Powers
1. LEGAL POWER: When power is exercised by law,it is called legal power or it is also called authority.For Example: Power is exercised by President, Prime Minister,Governor, Chief Minister and others .
2.COERCIVE POWER: When power is exercised by force ( without law or authority) .It is called coercive power.For Example; Power is exercised by Terrorists, Docoits etc
QUESTION NO 02 Define Power sharing ?
ANSWER : In simple words ' Power Sharing' means distribution of power or division of power between various organs or subsidiaries.
THINKING ABOUT THE TEXT.
1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies ?Give an example of each
ANSWER : The different types of power sharing in modern democracies are as ;
(a) Vertical division of Power Sharing
7th schedule__ Power sharing__ Three lists__(i)Union list (ii) State list (iii)Concurrent list
It is that type of power sharing in which there is a union or central government and federal or provincial or state government and the respective division of power between these two government .In short vertical division of power between the union and the state government.
For Example : In India there is a union government ( presently led by BJP 2014-2019) and various state governments.In the constitution of India, in the seventh(7th) schedule, there is the mention of vertical division of power sharing in three lists i.e, union list ( Power of union government or central government ) state list ( Power of state government) and the concurrent list( Power of both state and central government)
(b) Horizontal division of Power Sharing: Indian Government_ Executive__ Judiciary
It is that type of power sharing in which power is shared among different organs of the government situated at the same level . In short, power sharing between ,executive legislature and judiciary of a government is called Horizontal division of power sharing
For Example ; In India the executive have power and control over government the legislature makes laws( Lok Sabha +Raj Sabha +President) has the power of making laws for the nation ,while as the judiciary is the guardian of the constitution and interpets the laws enacted by legislature .This ensures balance of power and checks and balances of power of the government.
(C) Power Sharing among different Social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups ,such as the religious and linguistic groups.
For Example: Community government in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration .This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
For Example : Unions of industrialists traders workers,farmers, etc along with, Environment Movement, Women Empowerment Movements have made their voice to be heard through litigation,resentments ,mass communication,debates,conferences etc
(d) Power Sharing among different political parties,pressure groups and movements: Power sharing arrangements can also seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.In a democracy ,the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power.In contemporary democracies this takes the form of among different parties.
Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represents different ideologies and social groups.Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct ,when two or more parties from an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power .In a democracy ,we find interest groups such as those of traders ,business men, industrialists,farmers and industrial workers. they also will have a share in government power,either though participation in government committees or bring influence on the decision making process
Question No 03 Write a short note on the power sharing in J&K legislature council according to the constitution of J&K?
Answer: In the constitution of Jammu & Kashmir ,we find the provisions dealing with power sharing. In view of the nature of the state being composed of three distinct geographical regions with internal social diversity .The constitution ensures representation of each region in the legislative council,eg; Article 50 of the state constitution says that the legislative council shall consist of 36 members.Out of these ,11 have to be necessary from kashmir including one each from Ladakh and Kargil .Similarly eleven(11) are also to be elected from Jammu region with one each from Doda and Poonch, two menbers are elected by the members of Municipal counciles,Town Areas committees and notified Areas Committees.Four members are elected by the members of Panchayats and other local bodies as the Governor may by order specify,two each in the province of Kashmir and Jammu ,eight members are nominated by the Governor from amongst persons belonging to socially and educationally backward classes in the state or persons having contributed in the field of literature ,Science, art ,etc(a) Vertical division of Power Sharing
7th schedule__ Power sharing__ Three lists__(i)Union list (ii) State list (iii)Concurrent list
It is that type of power sharing in which there is a union or central government and federal or provincial or state government and the respective division of power between these two government .In short vertical division of power between the union and the state government.
For Example : In India there is a union government ( presently led by BJP 2014-2019) and various state governments.In the constitution of India, in the seventh(7th) schedule, there is the mention of vertical division of power sharing in three lists i.e, union list ( Power of union government or central government ) state list ( Power of state government) and the concurrent list( Power of both state and central government)
(b) Horizontal division of Power Sharing: Indian Government_ Executive__ Judiciary
It is that type of power sharing in which power is shared among different organs of the government situated at the same level . In short, power sharing between ,executive legislature and judiciary of a government is called Horizontal division of power sharing
For Example ; In India the executive have power and control over government the legislature makes laws( Lok Sabha +Raj Sabha +President) has the power of making laws for the nation ,while as the judiciary is the guardian of the constitution and interpets the laws enacted by legislature .This ensures balance of power and checks and balances of power of the government.
(C) Power Sharing among different Social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups ,such as the religious and linguistic groups.
For Example: Community government in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration .This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
For Example : Unions of industrialists traders workers,farmers, etc along with, Environment Movement, Women Empowerment Movements have made their voice to be heard through litigation,resentments ,mass communication,debates,conferences etc
(d) Power Sharing among different political parties,pressure groups and movements: Power sharing arrangements can also seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.In a democracy ,the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power.In contemporary democracies this takes the form of among different parties.
Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represents different ideologies and social groups.Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct ,when two or more parties from an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power .In a democracy ,we find interest groups such as those of traders ,business men, industrialists,farmers and industrial workers. they also will have a share in government power,either though participation in government committees or bring influence on the decision making process
Question No 03 Write a short note on the power sharing in J&K legislature council according to the constitution of J&K?
QUESTION NO 03: State one Prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context?
Answer: Prudential reason stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes ,while as moral reason stresses the very act of power sharing as valuable
1.PRUDENTIAL REASON:Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict by between social groups.Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.Imposing the will of majority community of over others may look like an attractive option in the short run ,but in the long run it under_mines the unity of the nation
2.MORAL REASON:Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy .A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise,and who have to live with its affects.People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.A legitimate government is one where citizens ,through participation, acquire a stake in the system
QUESTION ON 04 Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power Sharing .Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the coded given below ?Power Sharing
ANSWER: 1.Statement in favour of Power Sharing.
(i) Reduces conflict among the different communities.
(ii) Decreased the possibility of orbitrariness.
(iii) Accommodates diversities promotes people's participation.
(IV) Promotes people's participation in government.
2. Statement against o Power Sharing
(i) Delays decision making process.
(ii) Increase instability and divisiveness.
(iii)Undermines the unity of a country.
FEDERALISM LESSON NO 02
QUESTION NO 1 WHAT IS FEDERALISM?
ANSWER: Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.Usually ,a federalism has two levels of government .One is the government for the entire county that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.The others are government at the levels of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.Both these levels of government enjoy their power independent of the other
QUESTION NO 02 What is the difference between a federal Government and Unitary Government?
ANSWER: Under the unitary system either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.The central can pass on orders to the provincial or the local government.But in a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something .State government has powers of its own for which it not answerable to the central government.
Both these government are separately answerable to the people.
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